Despite much effort, the psychopathology of IGD remains to be elucidated.
#Suds word game manual#
Considering the large number of affected individuals and its negative impact on both personal life and social productivity, IGD has been included in both the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11 ) and the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a world-wide condition warranting further study. IGD may lead to a variety of dysfunctions related to physical health, work performance and social interactions. There were more than 930 million active internet gamers around the world in 2020 ( ) and the prevalence of IGD was approximately 4.6%, according to a recent meta-analysis of 16 survey studies. Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has received much attention with the rapid expansion of on-line gaming use during the last two decades. Internet gaming disorder appears to be consistently associated with reward-related decision-making deficits. Decision-making alterations were not closely associated with IGD severity or self-reported impulsivity differences at the study level. No significant difference between behavioral studies and those with extra measurements was observed. Studies based on clinical and community samples showed similar effects. Larger aggregate ESs were identified for pure-gain and mixed compared with pure-loss decision-making. The effects were comparable across risky, ambiguous and inter-temporal decision-making. The overall ES for decision-making deficits in IGD was small ( g = −0.45, P < 0.01). Reward-related decision-making differences between IGD and control groups. Twenty-four studies (20 independent samples) were included in the meta-analysis, resulting in 604 IGD and 641 control participants and 35 ESs. The effects of decision-making situation, valence, sample type, testing environment, IGD severity and self-reported impulsivity on decision-making differences were examined by moderator analyses. Random-effects modeling was conducted using Hedge‘s g as the effect size (ES). Review of peer-reviewed studies comparing reward-related decision-making performance between IGD and control participants identified via PubMed, Web of Science and ProQuest databases. The use of the singular form was a nice detail in Alfred Gingold’s 1982 Bean spoof Items from Our Catalog.To estimate the aggregated effect sizes of reward-related decision-making deficits in internet gaming disorder (IGD) and to explore potential moderators on the variability of effect sizes across studies. Pants looks like a plurale tantum, but there is a singular form, “chiefly used in the retail clothing industry,” as the OED notes. I’m surprised now to see that the Oxford English Dictionary includes the singular sud, but that word means “a soap solution,” not “the frothy mass which collects on the top of soapy water in which things are washed.” The frothy mass is plural. My off-the-top-of-my-head example of a plurale tantum was suds. Years ago, I explained this difference (minus the Latin) while doing literacy tutoring.
A singulare tantum is invariably singular. A plurale tantum: “a noun that in a particular sense is invariably plural in form.” For instance, clothes.
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